Pada bulan Desember 2008 dalam salah satu yahoo-chatgroup telah muncul sebuah
ungkapan bahwa ada seorang gurubesar dari universitas di Indonesia, dan juga ada
seorang pakar fisika nuklir, yang menyatakan bahwa reaktor nuklir adalah bom atom atau
bom nuklir yang dikendalikan. Kemudian ada yang mengisyaratkan bahwa pengertian
tersebut telah menjadi pemahaman umum masyarakat di sekitar Muria.
Kalau hal ini benar maka telah terjadi suatu pembohongan besar.
Kemiripan antara cara kerja bom atom dan cara kerja reaktor nuklir hanyalah sebatas
terjadinya reaksi berantai saja pada kedua-duanya. Sama-sama reaksi berantai nuklir,
akan tetapi dalam kenyataannya reaksi berantai yang terjadi sangat berbeda, bahkan
berbeda sangat jauh.
Dalam bom nuklir reaksi fisi terjadi dengan kecepatan neutron yang sangat tinggi,
energinya di atas 1 MeV: begitu lepas dari pembelahan uranium neutron langsung
berhadapan dengan bahan uranium-235 murni. Tidak ada uranium 238 ataupun bahan
lain. Reaksi berantai sudah selesai dalam waktu kurang dari satu per trilyun detik.
Dalam reaktor nuklir reaksi fisi terjadi dengan kecepatan neutron lambat, energinya
sekitar 0,025 eV. Bahan bakar uranium yang digunakan hanya mengandung 3-4 persen
uranium-235, selebihnya adalah uranium-238. Karena itu begitu neutron lepas dari reaksi
fisi uranium-235 ia akan berbenturan dengan air (dalam reaktor nuklir PLTN jenis PWR),
khususnya inti hidrogen, dan akan mengalami penglambatan sampai ia berpeluang
ditangkap lagi oleh uranium-235 yang hanya 3-4 persen. Perbenturan dengan inti
hidrogen rata-rata 16-17 kali, sebelum neutron menyebabkan fisi berikutnya. Karena itu
proses reaksi berantai sekurangnya berjalan seribu kali lebih lambat ketimbang dalam
bom nuklir. Karena itu reaktor nuklir tidak dapat meledak seperti bom nuklir.
Lalu, mesti ada yang bertanya, kok bisa terjadi ledakan Chernobyl ? Jawabnya: walaupun
reaksi berantai dalam reaktor nuklir jauh lebih lamban ketimbang reaksi berantai dalam
bom nuklir, tetapi dia terjadi lebih cepat ketimbang reaksi manusia yang berupaya
mematikan reaksi berantai. Ini tampaknya tidak disadari oleh para operator Chernobyl-4
pada tahun 1986, yang rupanya kurang paham mengenai perilaku reaktor jenis RBMK.
Hal ini tidak perlu dikhawatirkan dengan reaktor nuklir dalam PLTN jenis PWR atau
BWR karena peningkatan jumlah neutron akibat reaksi berantai yang meningkat cepat
tidak akan meningkatkan jumlah neutron lambat menjadi semakin banyak, karena air
sekitar batang bahan bakar akan bergelembung dan tak mampu memperlambat neutron.
Jadi reaksi berantai akan menurun dengan sendirinya.
Jumat, 16 Januari 2009
Senin, 12 Januari 2009
Italia memilih nuklir untuk pengembangan energi jangka panjang
Setahun sesudah kecelakaan PLTN Chernobyl-4 pada
tahun 1986 Italia memutuskan untuk menghentikan operasi
semua PLTNnya. Sekarang penghentian PLTN itu mulai disesali
karena harga energi sudah meningkat tajam dan kini timbul
masalah pasokan gas dari Rusia-Ukaina yang terganggu.
Berikut ini berita mengenai hal tersebut.
Nuclear the 'only solution' to Italy's energy imports
09 January 2009
The continuing squeeze on gas supplies in Europe has led a utility
president to declare "The only long run solution for Italy is nuclear
energy."
Giuliano Zuccoli, president of Edison, made the statement in an interview with
Corriere della Sera yesterday. "Italy has the most advanced and efficient energy
system of the world, based on combined cycle power plants. The only problem is
that these plants need gas to work." Supplies of gas to European markets have
dropped by 30% because of the spat between Gazprom and its Ukrainian
customers that began on 1 January.
Edison has 17% of Italy's power generation capacity, making it the second
largest supplier, while Zuccoli is also the chair of the supervisory board of
another power utility, A2A, which was founded in January 2008 after the merger
of AEM Milan and ASM of Brescia.
Relying as it does on energy imports, Italy is well prepared for disruptions to its
gas supply. The Italian government claims to have some of the largest reserves
in Europe, which amount to 14 billion cubic metres and are said to be adequate
to last for two months. However, there is not yet a clear long term strategy or
goal for energy policy: "Although we can be calm in the short run, I think we
should face the problem firmly, thinking in the medium and long run. That's why
I'm strongly supporting nuclear energy," Zuccoli said.
Edison, controlled by A2A, is one of the founders of Energy Lab, a think tank it
created in September 2007 with AEM, the Lombardia region, the University of
Milan, the University of Milan - Bicocca, the Catholic University, Milan Polytecnic
and Bocconi University.
In October 2008 Energy Lab produced a Preliminary Report on the Conditions for
the Return of Nuclear Energy in Italy. In this paper, Energy Lab gave several
recommendations such as ensuring government decisions on new nuclear
projects can be made quickly. "Bureaucracy, this is the real problem. We can't
know how long it will take to get all the authorizations. Edison is ready and we
gave our indications through the latest report," Zuccoli said.
Claudio Scajola, Italy's minister of economic development has declared that
energy diversification is no longer avoidable and nuclear energy is the first option.
In the medium term, a statement from Scajola said, "we are working on new
agreements with other [gas] supplier countries" and "in any case we cannot but
think about the future and diversify our sources with the return to nuclear power."
He concluded that "The shortsightedness of the past continues to put us at risk."
Italy once had a thriving nuclear power sector, but a referendum called after the
Chernobyl disaster in led to the country's five reactors being shut down by 1990.
In recent days Slovakian and Bulgarian leaders have mooted the possibility of
restarting nuclear reactors shut down as part of EU accession agreements.
Another European country forced to connect the current gas crisis to its past
nuclear power policies is Germany. A coalition government helped to power by a
minority Green contingent put in place legislation to force all nuclear power plants
to close early. The country has since worked hard to build sufficient wind and
solar power to replace the reactors that still provide about one third of electricity,
but as the dates for nuclear shutdown approach it seems increasingly likely that
coal will be the fuel of choice to replace nuclear power. German voters will go to
the polls in September, with the future use of nuclear power in terms of energy
security and climate protection as a major issue.
tahun 1986 Italia memutuskan untuk menghentikan operasi
semua PLTNnya. Sekarang penghentian PLTN itu mulai disesali
karena harga energi sudah meningkat tajam dan kini timbul
masalah pasokan gas dari Rusia-Ukaina yang terganggu.
Berikut ini berita mengenai hal tersebut.
Nuclear the 'only solution' to Italy's energy imports
09 January 2009
The continuing squeeze on gas supplies in Europe has led a utility
president to declare "The only long run solution for Italy is nuclear
energy."
Giuliano Zuccoli, president of Edison, made the statement in an interview with
Corriere della Sera yesterday. "Italy has the most advanced and efficient energy
system of the world, based on combined cycle power plants. The only problem is
that these plants need gas to work." Supplies of gas to European markets have
dropped by 30% because of the spat between Gazprom and its Ukrainian
customers that began on 1 January.
Edison has 17% of Italy's power generation capacity, making it the second
largest supplier, while Zuccoli is also the chair of the supervisory board of
another power utility, A2A, which was founded in January 2008 after the merger
of AEM Milan and ASM of Brescia.
Relying as it does on energy imports, Italy is well prepared for disruptions to its
gas supply. The Italian government claims to have some of the largest reserves
in Europe, which amount to 14 billion cubic metres and are said to be adequate
to last for two months. However, there is not yet a clear long term strategy or
goal for energy policy: "Although we can be calm in the short run, I think we
should face the problem firmly, thinking in the medium and long run. That's why
I'm strongly supporting nuclear energy," Zuccoli said.
Edison, controlled by A2A, is one of the founders of Energy Lab, a think tank it
created in September 2007 with AEM, the Lombardia region, the University of
Milan, the University of Milan - Bicocca, the Catholic University, Milan Polytecnic
and Bocconi University.
In October 2008 Energy Lab produced a Preliminary Report on the Conditions for
the Return of Nuclear Energy in Italy. In this paper, Energy Lab gave several
recommendations such as ensuring government decisions on new nuclear
projects can be made quickly. "Bureaucracy, this is the real problem. We can't
know how long it will take to get all the authorizations. Edison is ready and we
gave our indications through the latest report," Zuccoli said.
Claudio Scajola, Italy's minister of economic development has declared that
energy diversification is no longer avoidable and nuclear energy is the first option.
In the medium term, a statement from Scajola said, "we are working on new
agreements with other [gas] supplier countries" and "in any case we cannot but
think about the future and diversify our sources with the return to nuclear power."
He concluded that "The shortsightedness of the past continues to put us at risk."
Italy once had a thriving nuclear power sector, but a referendum called after the
Chernobyl disaster in led to the country's five reactors being shut down by 1990.
In recent days Slovakian and Bulgarian leaders have mooted the possibility of
restarting nuclear reactors shut down as part of EU accession agreements.
Another European country forced to connect the current gas crisis to its past
nuclear power policies is Germany. A coalition government helped to power by a
minority Green contingent put in place legislation to force all nuclear power plants
to close early. The country has since worked hard to build sufficient wind and
solar power to replace the reactors that still provide about one third of electricity,
but as the dates for nuclear shutdown approach it seems increasingly likely that
coal will be the fuel of choice to replace nuclear power. German voters will go to
the polls in September, with the future use of nuclear power in terms of energy
security and climate protection as a major issue.
Tiga berita menarik
Keputusan untuk membangun PLTN perlu diambil sekitar 10
tahun sebelum ia diperlukan kehadirannya di dalam sistem
jaringan listrik. Jadi untuk sistem listrik Jawa-Madura-Bali PLTN
paling cepat dapat beroperasi pada tahun 2018, apabila
keputusan diambil saat ini (Januari 2009).
Tiga berita berikut mengenai:
1. Bulgaria dan Slovakia yang tengah mempertimbangkan
untuk mengoperasikan kembali PLTN buatan Uni Sovyet
yang sebelumnya dihentikan sebagai prasyarat untuk
bergabung ke dalam Uni Eropa.
2. Pada tahun 2008 sebanyak 10 proyek pembangunan PLTN
dimulai konstruksinya (tiga dihentikan).
3. Di Sendai, Jepang, perusahaan listrik Kyushu telah
DIMINTA oleh penduduk sekeliling kedua PLTN Sendai
untuk membangun PLTN ketiga di lokasi yang sama.
1. Gas dispute elicits calls to restart old reactors
Russia's ongoing dispute with Ukraine about gas supplies and prices has revived
calls from Bulgaria and Slovakia for restarting early-model Soviet-design reactors
which were shut down as a condition of joining the EU. Bulgaria proposes
immediately to prepare Kozluduy-3 for restart, and Slovakia is in a position to
restart Bohunice V1 unit 2 anytime, since it was only withdrawn from service ten
days ago. Article 36 of Bulgaria's EU accession agreement says that in a national
crisis the country has the right to resume power generation at Kozloduy 3 and 4,
and Bulgaria's President has said that the current situation verges on being a
national crisis. The Slovak prime minister said that "If Slovakia should be held
hostage to the Russian-Ukrainian dispute, ... I can imagine ... re-launching the
operation of Jaslovske Bohunice nuclear power plant V1."
2. 2008 as a year of nuclear construction starts
During 2008 no new reactors were connected to grids, and three old ones were
taken out of service: Hamaoka 1 & 2 in Japan, and Bohunice 3 in Slovakia - the
latter as a condition of EU entry. But more positively there were ten construction
starts: China: Hongyanhe 1, Fuqing 1, Ningde 1 & 2, Yangjiang 1, Fangjiashan 1;
South Korea: Shin Wolsong 2 & Shin Kori 1; and Russia: Leningrad II-1,
Novovoronezh II-1, boosting the construction total to 43 (37.6 GWe), up from 33
(26.6 GWe) a year earlier. There were about a dozen power uprates in five
countries. Two small Indian reactors had been due to start up in 2008 but were
delayed by fuel shortages. In addition, work to complete the long-stalled
Mochovce 3 and 4 units in Slovakia was officially launched.
3. New Japanese reactor planned
Kyushu Electric Power has announced its plan to build a third nuclear reactor at
its Sendai plant in SW Japan, to be on line in 2019. This will be a 1590 MWe
Mitsubishi APWR, and construction is expected to begin in 2013. Cost is put at
Y540 billion ($5.8 billion). The company was petitioned several years ago by the
local community to build a further reactor here
tahun sebelum ia diperlukan kehadirannya di dalam sistem
jaringan listrik. Jadi untuk sistem listrik Jawa-Madura-Bali PLTN
paling cepat dapat beroperasi pada tahun 2018, apabila
keputusan diambil saat ini (Januari 2009).
Tiga berita berikut mengenai:
1. Bulgaria dan Slovakia yang tengah mempertimbangkan
untuk mengoperasikan kembali PLTN buatan Uni Sovyet
yang sebelumnya dihentikan sebagai prasyarat untuk
bergabung ke dalam Uni Eropa.
2. Pada tahun 2008 sebanyak 10 proyek pembangunan PLTN
dimulai konstruksinya (tiga dihentikan).
3. Di Sendai, Jepang, perusahaan listrik Kyushu telah
DIMINTA oleh penduduk sekeliling kedua PLTN Sendai
untuk membangun PLTN ketiga di lokasi yang sama.
1. Gas dispute elicits calls to restart old reactors
Russia's ongoing dispute with Ukraine about gas supplies and prices has revived
calls from Bulgaria and Slovakia for restarting early-model Soviet-design reactors
which were shut down as a condition of joining the EU. Bulgaria proposes
immediately to prepare Kozluduy-3 for restart, and Slovakia is in a position to
restart Bohunice V1 unit 2 anytime, since it was only withdrawn from service ten
days ago. Article 36 of Bulgaria's EU accession agreement says that in a national
crisis the country has the right to resume power generation at Kozloduy 3 and 4,
and Bulgaria's President has said that the current situation verges on being a
national crisis. The Slovak prime minister said that "If Slovakia should be held
hostage to the Russian-Ukrainian dispute, ... I can imagine ... re-launching the
operation of Jaslovske Bohunice nuclear power plant V1."
2. 2008 as a year of nuclear construction starts
During 2008 no new reactors were connected to grids, and three old ones were
taken out of service: Hamaoka 1 & 2 in Japan, and Bohunice 3 in Slovakia - the
latter as a condition of EU entry. But more positively there were ten construction
starts: China: Hongyanhe 1, Fuqing 1, Ningde 1 & 2, Yangjiang 1, Fangjiashan 1;
South Korea: Shin Wolsong 2 & Shin Kori 1; and Russia: Leningrad II-1,
Novovoronezh II-1, boosting the construction total to 43 (37.6 GWe), up from 33
(26.6 GWe) a year earlier. There were about a dozen power uprates in five
countries. Two small Indian reactors had been due to start up in 2008 but were
delayed by fuel shortages. In addition, work to complete the long-stalled
Mochovce 3 and 4 units in Slovakia was officially launched.
3. New Japanese reactor planned
Kyushu Electric Power has announced its plan to build a third nuclear reactor at
its Sendai plant in SW Japan, to be on line in 2019. This will be a 1590 MWe
Mitsubishi APWR, and construction is expected to begin in 2013. Cost is put at
Y540 billion ($5.8 billion). The company was petitioned several years ago by the
local community to build a further reactor here
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